Please note that entering your e-mail address here does not mean that you subscribe to any newsletters. Today, transporting FCOJ from a production site in Brazil to a European juice packer is a logistically streamlined, cost-effective and time-efficient process. Blending of NFC may take place before dispatch (see section 6.6). by the ripeness index: this is determined by the Brix value, which is a measure of the sugar/acid ratio of the fruit. A nitrogen system at the terminals is used to ensure that storage tanks always contain a nitrogen atmosphere, both when empty and when being filled with product from a tanker ship. Investments in the port facilities provided the technical solutions required to integrate juice storage with aseptic shipping conditions. The blended concentrate is then pumped to one or more of nine discharging lines used for filling road tankers for product distribution around Europe. Products supplied from blending houses are often made to customer-specific recipes. The import terminals have special facilities to allow aseptic unloading of NFC and routing it to dockside aseptic storage (see section 6.5.2). It has given way to ready-to-drink juices and now represents less than 5% of US orange juice retail volumes, measured as diluted juice. Individual bulk tanks are maintained under continuous nitrogen pressure, even during loading/unloading when nitrogen is exchanged with dockside tanks. Such terminals are also found in Florida, New Jersey and in a few major ports in Japan. Large positive displacement pumps (for 8-inch piping) on board the ship pump the FCOJ directly into storage tanks on land. Juice in dockside tanks is sampled regularly to verify that their contents are microbiologically acceptable. When frozen in drums, NFC does not freeze homogenously. Single-strength juice starts to freeze at around -2°C. They are necessary to avoid an increase in microbial load on products, and to prevent a batch of juice of poor microbial quality from contaminating subsequent batches. Special ships with refrigerated aseptic tanks transport NFC from Brazil to the US and Europe. Blended products are packed in drums and distributed frozen to juice packers. Each ship is equipped with its own sterilization system for the bulk tanks, and the piping system is sterilized before juice transfer. In the juice reception area, a standby pasteurizer is used when necessary to pasteurize incoming juice or the content of a storage tank. Although these dedicated ships and specially equipped terminals require large investments, they result in more cost-effective storage and transport of large NFC volumes. Cold stores must therefore be carefully deodorized before different goods are transported on the next voyage. The first service was started from Bangalore to Hyderabad (Semi-Sleeper) on 7.7.2011 … Some tanks are dedicated to NFC and others can carry either frozen concentrate or NFC. Dedicated ships fitted with bulk tanks transport NFC under aseptic chilled conditions from Brazil to the US and Europe. Oranges (Citrus sinensis) belong to the rue family (Rutaceae) and come originally from southern China. Blending stations form the heart of blending operations. After blending, the product is packed in drums or pumped into road tankers. Some ready-to-drink juice is reconstituted from concentrate and packed in retail packages at processors in Florida, but most is transported as bulk FCOJ to packing plants around the US. Orange concentrate is shipped in tanker ships, road tankers and drums. However, some Florida juice and some juice products from South Africa, Australia and elsewhere are exported overseas in retail packages. Bulk NFC is stored chilled under aseptic conditions or frozen. Sloping bottoms ensure that the tanks can be completely drained. After unloading, the ship takes in ballast and starts its return voyage to Santos. Zoom Shipping rates are lower for break bulk than for refrigerated containers, but drums in break bulk require more handling at the exporting and importing ends. Drums often have no use in the importing region, in which case the juice packers must pay to dispose of them. Moreover, engineers must take special care when designing FCOJ transfer pumps because the available suction pressure (net pressure suction head or NPSH) is low during the final step of emptying storage tanks. During the late 1990s, a desire to increase the export of NFC orange juice from Brazil by sea led to advances in technologies enabling the integration of NFC seasonal storage and export by bulk sea vessels. Thus, the good handling procedures in common practice today must be followed closely. (eds. For the return trip to Brazil, the ship’s empty tanks are not cleaned but remain under nitrogen conditions. Some of the major Brazilian processors run their own ships for bulk orange product. Wooden dunnage tainted with the citrus odor must not be reused for odor-sensitive goods. Calculated per tonne of product, freight costs for frozen break bulk (in 200 litre drums) are between the respective costs for refrigerated and dry containers. In addition, it is not possible to respond quickly to market demands due to the long lead time required to get retail packages to the consumer. Experience gained from aseptic processing plants and NFC storage facilities in Florida has been vital in the construction of European terminals. The factors that determine shipping costs. The bags require an outer support, usually a bin made of wood or cardboard. Peel oil and other flavour fractions may also be added. Dedicated terminals for bulk FCOJ are found in Brazil and in major juice-importing regions. Some terminals now have facilities to handle bulk NFC under aseptic conditions. En route the product and its environment are continuously monitored. Crystallization fouls the inside of the equipment, leading to an increased pressure drop or the creation of preferential channels in the heat exchanger, thereby reducing the cooling performance. The advantages of shipping NFC in bulk rather than in retail packages. Factors influencing maritime transport of fruit exports to Thailand. Some concentrate, in limited quantities, is also packed in aseptic bags using drums or wooden bins for outer support. Aseptic bag-in-drum in refrigerated or dry container. Products in storage tanks are held under nitrogen atmosphere to protect them from oxygen. Figure 6.3 There is little or no headspace in the bags. Many are related to the sharp increase in viscosity of juice concentrate when it is cooled to normal bulk storage temperatures of -10°C. One-tonne aseptic bag-in-box units are the most commonly used. Similarly, but on a smaller scale, NFC produced in Spain is transported to the European market both in consumer packages and in bulk in refrigerated road tankers. Alternatively, an aseptic unloading station can be used to pump juice out from the bag under aseptic conditions followed by aseptic transfer to retail packaging. A wide range of raw materials is used to prepare the concentrates and bases, often made to customer-specific recipes. Coating with a layer of wax and treatment with preservatives and marking accordingly. Online networking between all departments of dockside juice-handling facilities is also important to ensure smooth operations. The holds or containers must accordingly be clean and in a thoroughly hygienic condition before loading. The design requirements for terminals handling bulk aseptic NFC are high. No. Nevertheless, the majority of Florida NFC is still packed in consumer packages at fruit processing sites and distributed by truck or train under refrigeration. This necessitates correct design calculations for pumps and transfer lines (the latter are commonly 6 inches or larger). Wei, Y., 2020. Aseptic bags are multilayer plastic bags with a barrier layer – normally aluminium foil – to minimize oxygen ingress during storage and transportation. It takes several days or even weeks for NFC in drums to freeze solid. Today, some companies also have aseptic storage capacity at ports for exporting NFC. Finished blended products also undergo testing to ensure they meet the agreed specifications. The handling and processing steps for NFC via the frozen route and the aseptic bag-in-box route are shown in Figure 6.3. Meat, butter, eggs, fats and cheese are particularly prone to absorbing the citrus odor. by peel color: the color of the peel is not necessarily a reliable indicator of ripeness, but its surface gloss is. After extraction at the processing plant, pre-pasteurized juice is cooled to 0°C and then transported by insulated road tanker (25 tonnes) to the dockside storage facilities. Figure 6.2 Below, an example of a terminal (Ghent in Belgium) equipped to handle bulk FCOJ from a tanker ship is described with reference to Figure 6.4. However, totes are mainly used for short-term storage and transport over short distances because of the high investment and freight costs (including return freight) involved. For shipping in tankers, the product is typically kept at -8 to -10°C. 6.2 Bulk shipping of FCOJ. The total cost for drum transport should take into account both the cost of drum manufacturing or reconditioning and potential disposal charges. 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