doi: 10.1007/s13213-010-0117–111, Herrera, C. M., Koutsoudis, M. D., Wang, X., and von Bodman, S. B. Interestingly, our initial attempts at measuring biofilm formation using a 96-well assay were inconsistent until we replaced the lid of the 96-well plate with breathable tape. (A) Growth of wild type Pantoea sp. YR343 in this paper. The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway has been well characterized in Pantoea and consists of six enzymes: geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthase CrtE, phytoene synthase CrtB, phytoene desaturase CrtI, lycopene cyclase CrtY, β-carotene hydroxylase CrtZ, and the zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase CrtX (To et al., 1994; Sedkova et al., 2005). Flagella-driven chemotaxis towards exudate components is an important trait for tomato root colonization by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Indole-3-acetic acid biosynthetic pathway and aromatic amino acid aminotransferase activities in Pantoea dispersa strain GPK. Afterward, germinated seedlings were added to each tube. Sterilized seeds were soaked in double distilled H2O containing 0.1% w/v agar at 4°C for 4 days and then germinated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar containing 0.25% w/v sucrose (Murashige and Skoog, 1962). Because the roots underwent several washes when they were harvested, the bacteria colonizing the Populus roots were firmly attached, as the transiently attached cells were presumably washed away. As predicted, the ΔcrtB mutant is defective in carotenoid production, and shows increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. doi: 10.1023/A:1014715114520, Gechev, T. S., Van Breusegem, F., Stone, J. M., Denev, I., and Laloi, C. (2006). Microbial carotenoids. YR343 that express fluorescent proteins, we have observed the attachment of Pantoea sp. Environ. Microbiology 155, 1192–1202. Krinsky, N. I. Each plant was inoculated with approximately 1 × 108 cells per plant and grown for 1 week prior to harvesting. YR343. Microbiol. Phytoene synthase is responsible for converting geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to phytoene, an important precursor to the production of carotenoids. 59, 2339–2345. Landrum, J. T. (2009). Like Pantoea sp. Carotenoids and bacterial photosynthesis: the story so far. This bacterial strain is referred to as Pantoea sp. For example, P. stewartii and P. ananatis are responsible for Stewart’s bacterial wilt disease on corn, leaf blotch disease in Sudangrass, and center rot in onion (Azad et al., 2000; Walcott et al., 2002). Annu. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. YR343 Raman spectrum. nov. and Pantoea anthophila sp. Future studies are aimed at elucidating the mechanisms by which carotenoids impact membrane organization in Pantoea sp. Alqueres, S., Meneses, C., Rouws, L., Rothballer, M., Baldani, I., Schmid, M., et al. PCR products were ligated into pK18mobsacB (Schafer et al., 1994) and the resulting plasmid was verified by restriction digests and transformed into Pantoea sp. Mol. Chemistry of singlet oxygen. Res. Pantoea sp. YR343 was able to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces and the production of cellulose was detected in these biofilms by staining with Calcofluor White (Figure 2D). Soils 47, 729–743. Feng, Y., Shen, D., and Song, W. (2006). YR343-GFP and the ΔcrtB mutant were normalized to the same optical density (OD600). YR343. Appl. Genomic analyses of Pantoea sp. JM-F and AB wrote the paper. 31, 425–448. Mol. Received: 19 January 2016; Accepted: 24 March 2016;Published: 18 April 2016. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-21-10-1359, Hirayama, O., Nakamura, K., Hamada, S., and Kobayasi, Y. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-19-0250, Kannenberg, E. L., and Poralla, K. (1999). doi: 10.1111/lam.12053, Lamb, C., and Dixon, R. A. Populus deltoides WV94 shoot tips were surface-sterilized and grown as described for the pathogenicity studies. Effect of carotenoid overproduction on oxygen tolerance of nitrogen fixation in Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2000.0696, Coutinho, T. A., Preisig, O., Mergaert, J., Cnockaert, M. C., Riedel, K. H., Swings, J., et al. For example, oxidative stress has been overcome by up-regulation of antioxidant pathways in Gluconaacetobacter diazotrophicus (Alqueres et al., 2010), production of superoxide dismutase in Rhizobium species (Santos et al., 2000), and synthesis of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase in Azospirillum brasilense (Wasim et al., 2009). Lett. Rice endophyte Pantoea agglomerans YS19 promotes host plant growth and affects allocations of host photosynthates. A multifactor analysis of fungal and bacterial community structure in the root microbiome of mature Populus deltoides trees. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01251-1215, Kulkarni, G. B., Nayak, A. S., Sajjan, S. S., Oblesha, A., and Karegoudar, T. B. Pantoea sp. Plant Biol. Rooted cuttings were planted in sterile clay soil inoculated with Pantoea sp. (1994). Bioessays 28, 1091–1101. |, http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Production of indole-3-acetic acid, aromatic amino acid aminotransferase activities and plant growth promotion by Pantoea agglomerans rhizosphere isolates. Plant Microbe Interact. Besoin de conseils pour choisir ton établissement ? Bac pro La poursuite d’études des bacheliers professionnels discussion ... Erreurs à éviter & conseils pratiques -- Pr. Our analyses indicate that Pantoea sp. The results of multi locus sequence analysis (MLSA) using partial nucleotide sequences from atpD, infB, gyrB, and rpoB (Brady et al., 2012) revealed that Pantoea sp. doi: 10.4236/aim.2013.32030, Verma, S. C., Ladha, J. K., and Tripathi, A. K. (2001). doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.11.015, Guindon, S., Dufayard, J. F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W., and Gascuel, O. doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syq010, Hartmann, A., and Hurek, T. (1988). Colonization of plant roots by Pantoea sp. doi: 10.1099/Ijs.0.017301–17300, Brady, C. L., Venter, S. N., Cleenwerck, I., Engelbeen, K., Vancanneyt, M., Swings, J., et al. FEMS Microbiol. YR343 resulted in a mutant that was defective in plant association and/or rhizosphere survival. For example, the ability of microbes to influence root development via biosynthesis of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is well documented and multiple pathways for microbial IAA production have been described (Spaepen et al., 2007). Here we describe Pantoea sp. (2002). Swimming and swarming motility was examined on LB containing 0.3% w/v agar or 0.6% w/v agar supplemented with 0.4% w/v glucose or 0.4% v/v glycerol, based on previous studies (Herrera et al., 2008). 1973 emend. YR343, a Bacteria Isolated from the Rhizosphere of Populus deltoides, Is Defective in Root Colonization. Pantoea sp. The enzymatic inactivation of indoleacetic acid; some characteristics of the enzyme contained in pea seedlings. YR343 possesses two gene clusters with distinct organizations representing both classes of cellulose synthesis gene clusters. 3, 200–204. Appl. (1999). Many beneficial microbes have developed a number of strategies for overcoming such plant defense mechanisms (Zamioudis and Pieterse, 2012). Phytopathology 100, 1330–1339. nov. Int. doi: 10.1094/mpmi-12-12-0286-r, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Alqueres, S. M., Oliveira, J. H., Nogueira, E. M., Guedes, H. V., Oliveira, P. L., Camara, F., et al. Appl. Alternatively, carotenoids may play a role in overcoming plant defense mechanisms, including oxidative bursting, during colonization of the root surface. Photochem. Rev. (1997). Bottom, predicted carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in Pantoea sp. Identification and characterization of a carotenoid mutant in Pantoea sp. Resonance Raman studies of bacterial reaction centers. YR343 was preferentially associated with the plant as indicated by 3.5 × 106 CFU g-1 of root, compared to 3.0 × 102 CFU g-1 of soil. (1974). Acceptez-vous de recevoir des notifications d'orientation ? Mol. Biological role of pigment production for the bacterial phytopathogen Pantoea stewartii subsp. For each sample, individual Raman spectra were collected at 15 randomly selected spatial locations and averaged to give the representative spectrum for that sample. Infect. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. JM-F, AB, and MD developed the experimental plan. Kloos, K., Mergel, A., Rösch, C., and Bothe, H. (2001). Root colonization by Pantoea sp. Microbiol. For example, carotenoids may be needed for survival of Pantoea sp. Am. doi: 10.1094/mpmi-06-11-0179. Biofilm formation was measured using the protocol described (O’Toole and Kolter, 1998), with the following modifications. It is likely that the Raman intensities of the carotenoid bands are pre-resonantly enhanced, which is a Raman scattering process that occurs when the frequency of the excitation laser beam lies just below the frequency of an electronic transition of the chromophore in the irradiated molecule. Syringae (Braun-Kiewnick et al., 2000). DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. 26, 225–248. P. dispersa and P. agglomerans have been shown to produce IAA and evidence supports the hypothesis that the production of IAA by P. agglomerans is responsible for its plant growth-promoting abilities (Sergeeva et al., 2007; Kulkarni et al., 2013). Microbes can be considered pathogenic, neutral, or beneficial depending on the plant host with which they associate (Raaijmakers et al., 2009). YR343 on cultured poplar cuttings. YR343 and the ΔcrtB mutant. Microbiol. 37, 932–936. Carotenoids’ influence on radiotolerance of Pantoea agglomerans, a plant pathogen. Using this fluorescent strain, we found that YR343-pGFP readily attached to the surface of Arabidopsis roots (Figure 3B). Cells were diluted 1:20 into fresh LB and grown 2–3 h at 28°C with shaking. (D) Raman spectroscopy of wild type Pantoea sp. YR343 grown in R2A medium (left). Pantoea sp. MBio 6:e01251. Biochim. As predicted, the ΔcrtB mutant no longer produced a yellow pigment and the colonies appeared white (Figure 4B). 69, 253–257. Environ. Conversely, little to no pigment was extracted from the ΔcrtB mutant (Figure 4C). doi: 10.1139/m96-032, Pelletier, D. A., Hurst, G. B., Foote, L. J., Lankford, P. K., McKeown, C. K., Lu, T. Y., et al. Microbiol. The spectrum for the wild type exhibits three prominent bands at 1520 cm-1, 1155 cm-1, and 1002 cm-1 which are characteristic of carotenoid compounds, and arise from in-phase C = C and C–C stretching and in-plane CH3 rocking vibrations, designated ν1 = 1520 cm-1, ν2 = 1155 cm-1, and ν3 = 1002 cm-1 (Merlin, 1985; Withnall et al., 2003; Schulz et al., 2005; Goodwin et al., 2006; de Oliveira et al., 2010). YR343 in the soil, which would therefore influence its ability to associate with a plant root. The laser radiation was delivered via a single mode optical fiber through a dichroic beam splitter into the microscope objective and focused to a diffraction limited spot size on the surface of the sample. Sci. Briefly, roots were weighed, washed by vortexing at least 30 s with 3 ml of PBS and a few small glass beads and dilutions of the wash solution was plated on R2A to measure colony forming units (CFU). VII. doi: 10.1016/s1386-1425(03)00064–67, Wojtaszek, P. (1997). As determined by phylogenetic analysis, Pantoea sp. Chamberlain, N. R., Mehrtens, B. G., Xiong, Z., Kapral, F. A., Boardman, J. L., and Rearick, J. I. Photothèque. More ... 2006 Bac scientifique ... Bénévole aux écuries. YR343 using P. deltoides, T. aestivum (wheat), or A. thaliana as plant hosts. Microbiol. nov., Pantoea brenneri sp. Pantoea sp. YR343. Biol. After 1 week, the roots were harvested and washed prior to plating in order to compare the amount of CFU per treatment. GM01 are yellowish in color and this strain is predicted to produce carotenoids based on its genomic sequence. doi: 10.1007/BF00010355, Sandmann, G., and Misawa, N. (1992). Biochem. Single bacterial colonies grown on R2A agar plates were transferred to 2 ml of sterile PBS, vortexed, and adjusted to OD600 = 0.2 using a Cary UV-Vis spectrophotometer. YR343. 28, 449–461. All authors contributed intellectual input and data analyses and assisted in manuscript preparation. We also observed that Pantoea sp. BAC PRO EDPI (Études et Définition de Produits Industriels) La capacité d'accueil en 2nde Pro EDPI au Lycée Rouvière est de 12 élèves. Carte. Reactive oxygen species during plant-microorganism early interactions. (2012). “Carotenoids in Membranes,” in The Photochemistry of Carotenoids, eds H. A. Frank, A. J. This was further confirmed by analyzing the spectroscopic profiles of pigments extracted from wild type and ΔcrtB mutant cells. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00333-9, Walcott, R. R., Gitaitis, R. D., Castro, A. C., Sanders, F. H., and Diaz-Perez, J. C. (2002). Facebook giver folk mulighed for at dele og gør derved verden mere åben og forbundet. A general time reversible model was used with each rate category and allowed to vary according to a gamma distribution. Can. doi: 10.1016/s0304-4173(87)80008–80003, Cogdell, R. J., Howard, T. D., Bittl, R., Schlodder, E., Geisenheimer, I., and Lubitz, W. (2000). Biochem. Adv. The strong Raman signal in wild type Pantoea sp. Int. YR343 and ΔcrtB. Upon rinsing, the roots were visualized with a Zeiss LSM710 confocal laser scanning microscope. Keywords: Pantoea, carotenoids, crtB, indole-3-acetic acid, poplar, rhizosphere, zeaxanthin, Citation: Bible AN, Fletcher SJ, Pelletier DA, Schadt CW, Jawdy SS, Weston DJ, Engle LN, Tschaplinski T, Masyuko R, Polisetti S, Bohn PW, Coutinho TA, Doktycz MJ and Morrell-Falvey JL (2016) A Carotenoid-Deficient Mutant in Pantoea sp. Acta 895, 63–79. FIGURE 3. Biopolymers 77, 212–221. Vidéothèque. FIGURE 5. After centrifugation to remove the cell debris, spectral analysis of the extracted carotenoids was measured in triplicate in the range of 400–500 nm using a BioTek Synergy 2 microplate reader. Loss of carotenoids affects biofilm formation and root colonization. In all images, Pantoea sp. (2008). Appl. 64, 3740–3747. Plant Physiol. Antioxidant pathways are up-regulated during biological nitrogen fixation to prevent ROS-induced nitrogenase inhibition in Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. Microbiol. Pantoea sp. Surprisingly, we observed a decrease in IAA production by the ΔcrtB mutant. YR343. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). A better understanding of the microbial mechanisms that promote plant health and stress tolerance will enable strategies for improving the productivity of economically important plants. YR343 does not have a complete tryptamine pathway. The same fluorescent strain was then used to determine whether Pantoea associated directly with Populus roots. 21, 1359–1370. This was unexpected since there was no obvious connection (e.g., common enzymes or substrates) between the pathways involved in carotenoid production and the pathways involved in IAA production. The pigments extracted from wild type cells showed a spectra consistent with zeaxanthin as has been described for other Pantoea strains (Hundle et al., 1991; Mohammadi et al., 2012). 39, 82–90. YR343, indicating that this species is capable of phosphate solubilization (Figure 2B). Pantoea: insights into a highly versatile and diverse genus within the Enterobacteriaceae. In this case, we found a mixture of wild type and ΔcrtB mutant cells (Figure 6D), most of which appeared to be motile (data not shown). The image on top shows roots from an uninoculated plant, while the bottom image shows roots colonized by YR343-pGFP.
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